Diamonds are formed under very specific conditions that require materials bearing carbon to be exposed to high pressure though low temperature (relative to most parts deep inside the earth.) The pressure should be somewhere at least 45 kilobars and the temperature a minimum of 1652 degrees Fahrenheit. There are only two situations that provide these settings in the Earth. They are at the site of a strike by a meteorite or in the earths lithospheric mantle and where it is below continental plates that are relatively stable.
Diamonds are only formed deep inside the earth, at least 90 miles down, to a maximum of 120 miles deep. Of course, this depends on the geographic area as the rate of temperature change relative to depth is different in different regions. Under oceanic plates, for example, the temperature will rise more quickly as you go deeper in the earth. The only place where you will find just the right combination of pressure and temperature are the oldest, thickest and most stable parts of the earths continental plates where lithosphere regions called cratons are found. The longer the diamond crystals reside in the cratons the larger the diamonds that...
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